Growing research links long-term inflammation to cancer development, bringing a surprising contender into the conversation: ibuprofen. The familiar over-the-counter pain reliever is drawing attention for its potential to reduce cancer risk, a field where even established drugs can reveal unexpected benefits.
How Ibuprofen Works
Ibuprofen belongs to a class of drugs called non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The idea that NSAIDs could help prevent cancer isn’t new. Studies as early as 1983 showed sulindac, a similar prescription drug, lowered colon cancer rates in some patients. Since then, researchers have been investigating whether ibuprofen and related drugs could slow or prevent other cancers too.
NSAIDs block enzymes called cyclooxygenases (COX). COX-1 protects the stomach and aids blood clotting, while COX-2 drives inflammation. Most NSAIDs, including ibuprofen, inhibit both, which is why doctors recommend taking them with food.
Ibuprofen and Endometrial Cancer Risk
A 2025 study found ibuprofen may lower the risk of endometrial cancer, the most common type of uterine cancer. This cancer typically affects women after menopause. The biggest risk factor for endometrial cancer is obesity, which increases estrogen levels that can fuel cancer cell growth.
Other risk factors include older age, hormone replacement therapy, diabetes, and early menstruation. A 12-year study analyzing over 42,000 women aged 55–74 showed those taking at least 30 ibuprofen tablets per month had a 25% lower risk of developing endometrial cancer than those taking fewer than four tablets monthly. The effect was strongest among women with heart disease.
Interestingly, aspirin did not show the same protective effect in this study, though it may help prevent bowel cancer recurrence. Other NSAIDs, like naproxen, are also being studied for preventing colon, bladder, and breast cancers. Effectiveness varies by cancer type, genetics, and health conditions.
Broader Potential: Beyond Endometrial Cancer
Evidence suggests ibuprofen’s benefits may extend beyond endometrial cancer. Research links its use to lower risks of bowel, breast, lung, and prostate cancers. Patients who previously had bowel cancer were less likely to experience recurrence when taking ibuprofen. The drug has also been shown to inhibit colon cancer growth and may offer protection against lung cancer in smokers.
Ibuprofen reduces inflammation by blocking COX-2, reducing the production of prostaglandins that drive inflammation and cell growth. It also influences cancer-related genes, such as HIF-1α, NFκB, and STAT3, making cancer cells more vulnerable to treatment.
Caution: Risks and Conflicting Research
Despite the promise, research is mixed. A study of 7,751 patients found aspirin after an endometrial cancer diagnosis was linked to higher mortality. Other NSAIDs also appeared to increase cancer-related death risk. However, a recent review found NSAIDs, particularly aspirin, may reduce the risk of several cancers while regular use of other NSAIDs could raise the risk of kidney cancer. These conflicting results highlight the complexity of inflammation, immunity, and cancer.
Experts warn against self-medicating with ibuprofen for cancer prevention. Long-term or high-dose use can cause stomach ulcers, gut bleeding, kidney damage, and even heart problems. NSAIDs also interact with medications like warfarin and antidepressants.
The Bottom Line
The idea that a common painkiller could help prevent cancer is exciting, but more research is needed. For now, experts advise focusing on lifestyle-based prevention: eating anti-inflammatory foods, maintaining a healthy weight, and staying physically active. While everyday medicines may hold unexpected potential, the most reliable approach remains simple: eat well, stay active, and consult your doctor before relying on any medication for prevention.
